African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)

African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a  variety of American English spoken by many African Americans. It has been called by many other names that are sometimes offensive, including African American English, black English, black English vernacular, ebonics, negro dialect, nonstandard negro English, black talk, blaccent, or blackcent. AAVE originated in the slave plantations of the American South, and it shares a number of phonological and grammatical features with Southern dialects of American English. Many African Americans are bi-dialectal in AAVE and Standard American English. Several concepts are related to this complex topic, including: African-American RhetoricBe  DeletionCode SwitchingDialect PrejudiceDiglossiaDouble CopulaDozensDummy  ItEthnic DialectInvariant  BeMetathesisNegative ConcordSerial VerbsSignifyingSubject-Auxiliary Inversion (SAI)West African Pidgin EnglishZero Copula and Zero Possessive Examples and Observations In line with evolving trends within the larger community, linguists use African American English instead of Black English (or even older terms like Non-Standard Negro English) for the English of African Americans, a continuum of varieties ranging from the most mainstream or standard speech (like Bryant Gumbels, virtually indistinguishable from the formal speech of white and other Americans), to the most vernacular or non-mainstream variety. It was to focus on this latter variety that Labov (1972) first started referring to it as Black English vernacular. African American Vernacular English is simply the most recent variety of that term, the one most widely used among linguists...The term Ebonics, which was first coined in 1973 by a group of Black scholars...from ebony (black) and phonics (sound, the study of sound) (R. Williams, 1975)...is regarded by many if not most linguists as very similar if not identical to AAVE in terms of the features and varieties it designates. (Rickford, African American Vernacular English) [C]ontributing to the evolution of American English was the migration of blacks from the South after the Civil War to urban areas of the north. They took their Southern speech patterns with them, including all of the linguistic forms that had been incorporated into the grammatical structure of speech among slaves. Unlike most white immigrants to urban centers, who eventually adopted local dialects, blacks generally remained isolated in impoverished ghettos and as a result, retained their dialect. This physical isolation contributed to linguistic isolation and the maintenance of African American vernacular English (AAVE). The retention of unique linguistic forms, racism, and educational apartheid have since led to numerous misconceptions of this dialect. (Baugh, Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice) The Two Components of AAVE It is proposed that AAVE consists of two distinct components: the General English [GE] component, which is similar to the grammar of OAD [Other American Dialects], and the African-American [AA] component. These two components are not tightly integrated with each other, but follow internal patterns of strict co-occurrence...The AA component is not a complete grammar, but a subset of grammatical and lexical forms that are used in combination with much but not all of the grammatical inventory of GE. (Labov, Coexistent Systems in African-American English) Origin of AAVE On one level, the origin of African American English in the USA will always be a matter of speculation. Written records are sporadic and incomplete, and open to interpretation; demographic information about language use is also selective and largely anecdotal. Furthermore, great variation was exhibited in the speech of Africans when they were first brought to the New World and to colonial America, as indicated in references to black speech in slave advertisements and court records (Brasch, 1981). It is also indisputable that English-lexifier Creole languages developed and continue to flourish in the African diaspora - from coastal West Africa to coastal North America - and that the middle passage for some Africans brought to colonial America included exposure to these creoles (Kay and Cary, 1995; Rickford, 1997, 1999; Winford, 1997). Beyond these acknowledgments, however, the origin and status of early African American speech has been and continues to be vigorously disputed. (Wolfram, The Development of African American English) Sources Baugh, John.  Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice. University of Texas, 1999.Labov, William. â€Å"Coexistent Systems in African-American English.†Ã‚  The Structure of African-American English, edited by Salikoko S. Mufwene, et al., Routledge, 1998, pp. 110–153.Rickford, John Russell.  African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Blackwell, 2011.Wolfram, Walt, and Erik R. Thomas.  The Development of African American English. 1st ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.

Conflict Resolution MLB Essay

Conflict Resolution MLB Essay Conflict Resolution MLB Essay Major league baseball as we know it today began as merely a form of entertainment and good-natured competition. By the mid-1800’s the sport’s popularity had grown so much that the activity became more of a business. More and more teams and leagues were formed with the owners trying to gain the maximum benefit and financial gain from the increasingly profitable sport. Analysis As the popularity of baseball grew, the players also became increasingly aware of the value of their skills and sought ways to protect their interests while taking full advantage of their personal income potential, including exploring opportunities with other teams. Fearing the loss of players they relied on for profits, the owners joined together, without consideration for the players, and agreed to include provisions in player contracts that prevented the players from leaving one team and switching to another team. By avoiding communication with the players about their concerns and not collaborating to bring about a resolution, the owners’ actions led to distrust and the formation of unions in an attempt to strength the position of the players. The first head of the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) had experience as a hard-ball trade union negotiator who favored aggressive, pressuring tactics over the caring and fatherly approach of previous years. The owners responded by forming their own negotiating group, the Major League Player Relations Committee (PRC). Thus began many years of major league baseball contract negotiations that involved battles over contract terms between the team owners and the unions that represented the baseball players. This era was characterized by distributive negotiation approaches with each of the parties trying to get the largest share of the available resources. One example was the negotiations for the third Basic Agreement in the early 1970’s where there was disagreement over the amount the owners should contribute to the players’ pension fund. The players’ union contended that surplus pension funds existed that resulted in a bargaining range that would allow some of those funds to be used to offset higher cost-of-living expenses. True to the distributive negotiation strategy, the owners avoided communication and initially refused to share applicable financial information. The parties failed to reach an agreement and the payers went on strike. The work stoppage forced the parties to hammer out a compromise agreement that yielded $500,000 for the pension fund. However, the dispute costs for the players’ union and the owners were $1 million and $5.2 million, respectively. A similar situation occurred in 1981 when the players and owners could not reach agreement on free-agent compensation. The issue was exacerbated by the media’s attention on the hostile relationship that had developed between the leaders of the players’ union and the owners’ group. The players once again went on strike, which was settled after 50 days with the help of Federal agencies. The dispute costs in this instance were $30 million in wages for the players and $72 million in lost revenues for the owners. Ironically, the settlement was very similar to the Union’s bargaining position, but at a significant cost to both parties. The relationship between the owners and the players continued to deteriorate in the midst of owner collusion, work stoppages, and increasing demands by the players. In 1992, the head of the PRC was removed from office and the owners made a commitment to inform the players that there will be no games played unless a deal is finalized, understanding that could mean they would not play for one or two years if need be. Failure to gain agreement on salary arbitration, a â€Å"salary cap,† free agent eligibility, and distribution of television revenue prompted the players to go on strike; a work stoppage that would last 232 days. While the amount of revenue lost was

Risk management and international finance Assignment

Risk management and international finance - Assignment Example The main advantages of these methods including variance is that they allow individual forecasting on the default risk conditions that a company may be subjected especially in terms of loan and macro variables (Apel and Jansson, 1999; Pg. 381). The study will also be vital in determining the portfolio credit risk of the selected institutions over time. In addition, the approach and formulae to be applied will be vital in assessing the extent through which new accords may be applied to towards achieving increased credit risk sensitivity within a minimal capital charge (Ganguin and Bilardello, 2005; Pg. 186). Finally, the study will be vital in comparing the current capital requirement of banks under the proposed Basel system thereby comparing the underlying provision with the suitability or applicability of the same to the Marylebone Bank. Banks are usually vital in driving economy especially due to their saving roles as well as providing capital and credit facilities. Nonetheless, other than government regulation and supervision, the deposit capitals usually require a limit risks for the depositors. These limited risks will ensure that systematic and insolvency risks are reduced. Additionally, these regulations and measures are fundamental in providing restrictions on the working and operation of banks (Morris and Morris, 2005; Pg. 79). Therefore, their vital aspects are to control unnecessary capital requirements by restraining credit provision on needless situation or creditors. Moreover, the same regulations and provisions control the level of capital where inadequate capitals are discouraged since they may lead the bank into undesirable systematic risk levels. The Basel Capital accord was adopted in the year 1988 since which in had an international framework and recognition that applies until today. A group of central banks among other national supervisory authorities initiated the accord.

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance Coursework

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance - Coursework Example Firstly, the framework of corporate governance should ensure that timely and accurate disclosures are made on all material matters. These matters relate to the financial situation of a company, its performance, ownership, and governance. This principle ensures that an entity will disclose all material information in its financial statements that will be used by shareholders or prospective clients to make decisions. Secondly, the corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board and the board's accountability to the shareholders. This means that management will always be on their toes to ensure that the operations of the company are well coordinated since the board of directors monitors them. Hence, appropriate disclosures are likely to be made due to the oversight role of the board. In conclusion, the attempts that have been made to improve accounting disclosures have been beneficial to the business world. According to Oppermann, this is because; various stakeholders have attained their goals through appropriate disclosures. Through corporate governance, managers have taken more responsibility and accountability in their roles in businesses as well as the board of directors. In overall, the public has gained more confidence in financial information published by companies, as they are aware that disclosures have been made guided by corporate governance principles and the accounting standards.

Teams in Organizations.Group dynamics for teams Essay Example for Free

Teams in Organizations.Group dynamics for teams Essay Teams in Organizations Introduction            Teams are important part of any given organization or company. There are a lot of benefits which companies can realize from their teams which include sharing of work load as well as sharing of ideas in the company leading to increased innovation within an organization. In every organization, there are various departments depending on the type of operations which are carried out within the organization (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011). The number of departments will influence the type of teams and the number of teams that an organization will have. Furthermore, the composition of the teams will depend on the number of people within the departments. It is important to have teams within organizations since there is a lot of benefit which can be generated from having teams as part of operations in the company, hence the view presented by Tom Peters is agreeable. Impacts of Teams in Companies/Organizations            It has been noted that there are various benefits which can be realized as a result of having teams within companies and organizations. As Tom Peters, (1987, p296) insisted, there is need to organize and have teams that are focused in achieving specified objectives and goals within organizations. The benefits or impacts of teams in organizations and companies include: Increased Productivity            Productivity is an important part that companies strive to achieve. Every company often strives to attain high productivity and hence increase its sales in the long run and therefore more profits. When an organization is organized in form of teams that work together in collaboration, it becomes easy for the company to attin high productivity since the teams are able to share the workload and therefore produce more(Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011). When there is increased productivity as a result of teamwork, it means that there are increased chances of making more profits and meeting the objectives and goals of the company. Therefore, it is important that organizations should be organized in teams Maximization of resources            The other benefit which has been noted through research is that of increased maximization of the resource which are available within the company. When the company is organized in to teams, it is easy to manage how the resources of the organization are being used hence ensure that there is maximum use of the resources for the greater benefit of the company. Furthermore, it has been noted that when an organization is organized in to teams, there is ease in the allocation of the resources of the company (Levi, 2011). It is easy to formulate budgets which can be sued by each teams hence the resource of the company are allocated according to the budgets that he team provides. This ensures that there is proper control on the resources of the company. What this means is that there is no wastage of the resources within the company. Therefore, it is important to have teams within an organization or company. Accountability            Accountability is an important aspect within organizations and companies. Majority of companies look for accountability through various strategies and hence teams forms one of the strategies which the companies and organizations have been able to use(Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011). When employees are divided in to teams, it becomes easy for the management to make follow up and hold employees accountable for their duties and actions in the operations which they carry out. It is easy to identify where there are mistakes when employees are divided in to teams and hence reduces the amount of time that is used in identifying faults in people.            Teams help in enhancing accountability within organizations and this means that there are reduced cases of defaults within the company as well as improved performance(Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011). When employees know that their team will be held accountable for their part that they undertake in the operations of the company, they will strive to ensure that they succeed in the tasks which they have been assigned. Therefore, the view presented by Tom Peters is agreeable and teams should be promoted within companies. Time Management            Formation of teams within organizations helps in the management of time within organizations and companies. Teams are given specific duties and tasks to carry out of which they are needed to accomplish within specified time. Therefore, when the teams work together, it becomes easy for them to complete the task within the time frame provided hence ensuring that there is no wastage of time(Levi, 2011). The teams make use of time in an effective way hence improving the efficiency within the company since the teams are able to share the work load hence it is easy for the employees to carry out the assigned tasks. This shows that the suitable and best way that an organization can operate is through teams which can help save a lot of time within the company as well as motivate the employees to work hard and improve on their efficiency. Innovation and creativity            Organizations such as Google Inchave developed and continued to provide the best products in the market as a result of innovativeness within the company. This has been contributed to by the aspect of teamwork within the company. Another organization which has continued to benefit from team work is Apple Inc. This company has been able to produce quality products as a result of innovativeness of its teams. Therefore, when an organization or company puts its employees in teams, it provides them with the opportunity to work together and share ideas which lead to innovation(Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011).            There is constant sharing of ideas among the employees which helps to enhance their ability to solve problems and come up with solutions as well as new ideas that will benefit the company. Innovativeness and creativity is important within organizations because it helps in the production of high quality products and services which meet the needs of the customers(Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011). When the customers are provided with high quality products or service through innovation, it means that an organization or a company will be able to increase its customer base as well as its revenue hence its profitability. Therefore, the view that has been presented by Tom Peters that organizations should be put in form of teams is agreeable based on the positive impact that it has on innovation and creativity within companies.            However, there are issues that affect the effectiveness of teams within organizations or companies. The difference that exists between employees, such as cultural diversity, often affects how teams function. It is quite a challenge to have a team that will put aside their cultural differences and work for the benefit of the company. There are employees that work well when assigned duties alone without having to work as a team(Levi, 2011). Therefore, it calls for the management of the company to realize that teams do not function all the time under every situation. There is need for proper analysis of the employees to find out if the idea of teams will work pout and generate the required and maximum results in the short and long run. Furthermore, it is to be noted that different organizations have different composition in terms of departments. Some of the departments cannot be organized in to teams due to the reason that they perform similar duties hence organizing them in to team will not change anything in their operations(Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2011). The differences in the employees create a challenge for the management within organizations when there is need to formulate teams for the purpose of sharing the workload that is available. Therefore, this could mean that teams may not seem as the suitable way to go in ensuring success within an organization or company. Conclusion            It is important to have teams within organizations since there is a lot of benefit which can be generated from having teams as part of operations in the company, hence the view presented by Tom Peters is agreeable. Organizations that have teams have greater benefits as compared to organizations or companies which have not organized their personnel in to teams that can collaborate for the benefit of all. Teams are important in enhancing accountability, time management, maximization of resources and minimization. Furthermore, it has been noted that teams helps in enhancing innovation and creativity within companies hence organizations are encouraged to organize their employees in to teams that are manageable. References Clegg, S. R., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2011).Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Levi, D. (2011). Group dynamics for teams. Los Angeles: SAGE. Source document

Essay --

Every business can operate because of five essential parts; Product creation, Marketing, Sales, Finance, and Delivery of your Product. Throughout this essay we will be juxtaposing the different aspects of the parts above and showing how each of them relate to capitalism and communism and how each of the essential parts can be shown differently through both capitalism and communism. Business varies extremely when in different environments and these two environments are drastically different and the most different environments that are possible. This essay will help understand how drastic the differences really are between the two markets. Communism Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state Product Creation Product creation is an extremely important part in business operations. This is how business stay in the competition and come up with the best products. All business have a product creation department so they can always have new products coming out and have a reliable source to make these products. Communism and Capitalism can influence this department of business operations immensely. The Communist standpoint of product creation would cause businesses to create few products and the need for new products in a quick and timely manner would slowly decrease to a low steady rate of product creation. The Communist standpoint of product creation would also have an extremely large impact on the prod... ...ry of the products to be essential. would differ greatly between the two types of markets, however the markets are similar in a few ways. Communism and capitalism both have to deliver their products in a timely manner to their consumers and stay organized so they can profit from the deliveries. Businesses would differ extremely due to the fact that communism and capitalism are very different forms of government. These five essential parts (Product creation, Marketing, Sales, Finance, and Delivery of your Product) are the key factors in business and these two markets cause these factors to differentiate between the two types of markets. These two environments caused businesses to re evaluate their ways of marketing and getting consumers to get the products. Capitalism is the most fluent system of marketing, but communism has some valid ways of marketing as well.

Plot Summary of Play Boy of the Western World

Play boy Of the Western World Plot summary The play is set in County Mayo in a country shebeen or pub. Pegeen Mike is engaged to Shawn Keogh a rich farmer, but she is not in love with him. Pegeen’s father Michael James owns the pub, and spends his time going to wakes and getting drunk. A young man arrives one evening as Michael James and his two pals Jimmy Farrell and Philly Cullen are about to go off to a wake. This young man calls himself Christy Mahon and claims that he has killed his da.Everyone including Pegeen are fascinated and admire Christy for this heroic deed. The men set off for the wake leaving Pegeen with Christy. The widow Quinn a local woman who is supposed to have murdered her husband arrives and tries to get Christy to stay the night in her hut. Pegeen has taken control of Christy at this stage and refuses to let him go. The following morning some local girls arrive to visit Christy and bring him presents. Christy is a hero in the eyes of the villagers and th ey beg him to participate in their local games.In the meantime Old Mahon who is Christy’s father arrives and meets the widow Quinn. Old Mahon has suffered a blow on his head from being hit by Christy and wishes to punish him. He tells the widow about Christy and describes him as a weak character, ‘a dirty stuttering lout who would get drunk on the smell of a pint. ‘ When Christy meets his father towards the conclusion of the play he gives him another blow on the head and it truly looks as if he is dead.The villagers including Pegeen decide to capture him and bring him to prison. Pegeen disowns him for being a liar. Old Mahon recovers however and he and Christy leave the shebeen mocking the villagers who are unable to accept reality when it lands on their own door. The play concludes with Pegeen lamenting the loss of the ‘only playboy of the western world. ’ She is left with her loveless alliance to Shawn Keogh.