Essay Examples on Capitalism Essay Example

Essay Examples on Capitalism Paper 1st Essay Sample on Capitalism Capitalism is can be simply defined as an economic system, marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to increasing accumulation and reinvestment of profits.However, capitalism tends to incorporate a certain â€Å"way of thinking†, driven by greed, the search for ever-increasing profits, worldwide expansion, and internal development.Starting from the earliest origins of capitalism, only societies with the capabilities and the appropriate mindset could flourish amidst this period of economic, social, and religious dispersion. The earliest form of capitalism is seen in feudalism, the political and economic system based on the relation of lord to vassal held on conditions of homage and service.Feudalism was characterized by a surplus of agriculture and monopolistic rights, as only the members of town guilds could practice certain trades.Essentially, monopolisti c redistribution of the product of society has been the essence of capitalism from the beginning, which originated from Feudalism. The earliest establishment of capitalism originated in Rome through mercantilism.Mercantilism involves the distribution of goods in order to realize a profit, which is the fundamental goal of capitalism.Goods were bought at one site for a certain price and then moved to another site and sold at a higher price.As the Roman Empire expanded, mercantilism correspondingly expanded.But the fall of the Roman Empire caused European economies do eventually lose its focus of mercantilism and localize their economies.However, these mercantilist ideas gradually evolved into capitalism in the era after the fall of Rome.The absence of empires created the social space for capitalism.Capitalism was similar to mercantilism in its large-scale search for profit by acquiring goods at lower prices than one sells them. 2nd Essay Sample on Capitalism Geographical proximity has facilitated capital flows, as north east Asian manufacturers of labor intensive exports moved their factories south to take advantage of the skilled labor which helped a lot Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. From policy view point these linkages have been encouraged by the generally liberal treatment of foreign investment. But even where foreign investment policies have been restrictive, informal credit and information networks have helped investors to move capital relatively freely. 1- Policy imitation specifically of Japans industrial strategy. This was an explicit objective in Korea and Malaysia. (regional linkages facilitated the adoption of imitative strategies in both public and private sector activity. 2- Korea borrowed Japanese techniques for building large trading companies and directing the structure of industry. Through their earlier trade with Japan, western importers had become familiar with Asian business. As a consequence gained respect for East Asian quality. Later US imposed quantitative restrictions on Japanese products were producers from Korea, Taiwan and China took advantage to establish lucrative positions. Of course regional characteristics alone cannot count for East Asias success. If geography, history and culture were an adequate explanation other economies would have little to learn from them. In which the market takes the centre stage in economic life and government play a minor role. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Capitalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Capitalism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

6 successful ways to start your workday

6 successful ways to start your workday Do you have a hard time hitting the desk running, so to speak, on any given work day? Try following some of these strategies to jumpstart your work mornings and make yourself more productive and engaged from the get-go. 1. Establish a pre-work routine at home.First, you have to lay a solid foundation, which means a good night’s sleep. Then, when you hopefully wake up well rested, throw in a nice stretch or short bit of exercise. Get your blood moving- whether you have five minutes to spare for some yoga or can squeeze in 30 minutes of a solid workout. You’ll feel more awake, more grounded, and more capable. Then eat something with a bit of protein that will fuel your morning. Finally, if you’re a caffeine person, have your coffee or tea.2. Dress to feel and perform your best.You don’t have to go formal to â€Å"dress the part.† If you work from home, at least change out of your pajamas to differentiate your lounging self from your working self. If y ou don’t, aim for work clothes that make you feel comfortable and empowered.3. Start on time.Whether your commute is the five steps it takes you to get from the kitchen table to the couch or 45 minutes of driving, busing, or biking, arrive at your desk on time. To perform your best, consider â€Å"on time† to be five minutes early–that gives you time to collect your thoughts and set yourself up for the day ahead.4. Take a moment to just think.A moment of peace can be a moment well-spent- every morning pause to have a nice, mindful think about how things are going, what you’ve been accomplishing, and what you’d like to get done that day. Reacquaint yourself with your to-do list. Pause for a second and engage. Your work day will be much more bearable this way because you  will be in charge of managing the day (and not the other way around). Map out your day, allowing for small adjustments here and there.5. Get comfortable.Figure out the most ideal work set-up for your productivity. Maybe that’s a standing desk, or an exercise ball, or a lumbar support, or a footrest under your desk. Make sure everything in your workspace is de-cluttered and positioned to make yourself physically capable of sitting there and doing what you need to do.6. Eliminate distractions.Devise a system that will make you less vulnerable to interruptions. When you sit down for the day, turn off notifications, put your phone in a bag or a drawer, and focus- at least for long stretches of time. If it helps, set a timer to help you keep break time, mindless task time, and productive project time separate. And do yourself a favor: don’t check your email all the time. Set yourself designated times instead.The main takeaway from these tips is to remain mindful and put systems in place. If you establish a morning routine and stick with it for at least 2 weeks, these good habits will soon become the norm!

Qualitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Qualitative Research - Essay Example This qualitative research approach takes into consideration the nature of a human being. It requires the researcher to find individuals who understand the objectives of the study and are willing to provide the required information (Key, 1997). After collecting data, the researcher will have to classify and rank it. They have to develop a general overview of the collected information and be able to identify outstanding issues. This design is suitable for the research topic because its principal objective is to examine human behavior and the experiences that human beings go through. There are three methods through which qualitative data for a research project on section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 can be carried out. They are; participant observation, the use of case studies and interviewing individuals who can provide credible information on the subject. The first method that can be used is participant observation. The method will allow the researcher to collect and organize data in a systematic way that is based on social science theory and methodology (Key, 1997). The researcher will observe if and how the Rehabilitation Act is applied in Federal programs and recruitment of people. This can be achieved by requesting to participate in the evaluation of Federal programs and recruitment exercises. However, the researcher has to periodically carry out a self evaluation to ensure that they are carrying out an unbiased research (Key, 1997). The main reason for using this method is that it provides an opportunity to experience the application of the Act i n a natural setting. In addition, the other variables that may be involved can be analyzed. Case studies are detailed investigations of individuals, organizations or communities with the aim of understanding how a concept, principle or law is applied. The researcher will attempt to analyze the variables that are relevant to the Rehabilitation Act. The main

What does subjectivity means in terms of documentary filmmaking and Research Paper

What does subjectivity means in terms of documentary filmmaking and what it has to do with digital technology - Research Paper Example The term â€Å"subjective† used to mean â€Å"as things are in themselves† whereas the term â€Å"objective† used to denote â€Å"as things are presented to consciousness†. In other words, the word â€Å"subjective† referred to the actual fact while â€Å"objective† used to refer to the way a situation or scenario were perceived. However, with the progression of time, the definitions for each term also changed as â€Å"objective† was then used to mean â€Å"fair-minded, factual, fair-minded and reliable† whereas â€Å"subjective† was then considered as something perceived and therefore unreliable as being an impression instead of facts. According to Dictionary.com, subjectivity refers to â€Å"the state or quality of being subjective; subjectiveness, a subjective thought or idea, intentness on internal thoughts and internal reality†. This paper attempts to explore subjectivity in terms of documentary filmmaking and the way subjectivity changed with the emergence of new digital technologies. Since documentary filmmaking employees the way a director wants to capture the event or story, this medium is more inclined towards subjectivity instead of objectivity. Digitalization, with the rapid increase in globalization, has become an important phenomenon in the modern world. New technologies have altered the potential of production of documentaries as well as the way artists are presented thus increasing subjectivity in the matter presented to the audience. These new technologies have impacted powerfully on the artistic process in the filmmaking and possibly more than on most other innovative attempts. For instance, as a newest tool provided by the digital technologies, the digital color is making cinematographers and directors into keen painters that are eager to explicate their individual doctrines about color. Moreover, the digital still cameras provide the power to camera operator to capture ima ges and then instantly view them similar to Polaroid cameras. But the most significant role is of the digital technology is in the make-up and wardrobe departments, which are able to make various images through different angles to ascertain which will be the most suitable, and this particular ease was not provided by the Polaroid cameras. While digital cameras are maybe competing with their celluloid equivalents, digital non-linear editing extended an entirely new construct to the manner images could be edited together, similar to a great extent in the way text in a document can be cut and pasted within the word processors available. It can be accounted for the post-production department to embrace digital technologies in computerized non-linear form of editing (Elsaesser, 1998). In the documentary filmmaking world, capturing truth has always been a complex task. According to tradition, appreciated in non-fiction erudition for its unbiased and impersonal capacity to reflect the pro- filmic without any fictitious ruse, the documentary film has been experiencing substantial formal alterations since its early primitive days of omniscient narration and observation, by and by deserting its efforts to stress objectivity in a picture. With the modernistic form of the self-referent essayistic cast to its recent performing construction, the documentary has been incessantly revitalizing concern in the rhetorical images of fiction and subjectivity, thinking about arguments on the basis of incompleteness and uncertainties instead of prioritizing discorporate facts and knowledge (Nichols, 2001). Often perceived as complex evidential assertions regarding the theatrical of the world, digital technology has been playing a substantial role recently in developing new aesthetic bases for establishing a

Thematic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Thematic Analysis - Essay Example The second reading was done more carefully, with an emphasis on understanding what the answers were. On the third reading, a different tact was taken by reading only the same question and answer from every transcript and noting the differences and the similarities of the participants’ answers. The interviews actually posed seven questions to the participants and needless to say, there were also seven answers corresponding to the questions. For example, the first question in every transcript for every interview is â€Å"How would you define your gender identity?† This question and the answers to them by the seven participants were the first items to be taken. To make the eventual classification of these answers easier, seven pieces of similar sized papers were used. In each piece of paper, the answer of the every participant was written. The same process was also observed for the next questions so that there were seven sets of papers corresponding to the answers of the seven questions, consisting of seven pieces of paper each for every interviewee’s answer. The papers were, of course, properly labeled and tagged as to the participant number and question number. To proceed with the process of the thematic analysis, the first question and therefore the first set of papers were studied. The answers were again read, noting particularly their similarities and differences. Answers with similarities were grouped together. For the first question, for example (i.e., How would you define your gender identity?), the answers were grouped together into three. Each group of answers for the first questions was scrutinised carefully and examined for their similarities. The next step was to give a label or tag to the similarities that underpin them. For the first set of answers, for example, the label of Sex was attributed because these answers equated their gender identity with the Sex that they were born with. The second set of answers for the first

Impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nigeria

Impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nigeria Foreign aid can be simply put to be a flow of assistance which can take the form of funds, infrastructure, trade openness from high income countries to low income countries. The debate till date has been centred around the significance of this aid on the economic growth of these countries. To a large extent, several researches have shown a positive impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of LDCs with the exception of a few factors which may affect this positive impact on growth, while some others have shown a negative impact on economic growth of these LDCs. According to Burnside and Dollar (1997), the positive impact of foreign aid on growth in LDCs is subject to the country having good fiscal, monetary and trade policies, thus, the introduction of economic policies into their economic equation. This was included, to see if aid was allocated to these countries in favour of good policies. Durbarry et al (1998) argue that an important limitation of much of this literature is the incompleteness of the underlying growth models, according to them, irrespective of the fact that Burnside and Dollar were among the first to take into account economic policies, they have not been able to examine the impact of aid in general including only aggregate savings and investment variables. Most of these researches have based the framework of their research on the neoclassical growth model such as the Solow growth model and the Ramsey-cass-koopmans growth model which suggests that poor countries should have a high return to capital and a fast growth rate in transition to the steady state ( Burnside and Dollar, 1997). According to Chenery and Strout (1966), in the case of a country seeking a transformation of its existing economy and hoping not to rely on more advanced countries (i.e. foreign aid), such a country must be able to meet the necessary demands for her rapid growth from either her own resources or from her net exports. The case of foreign aid and economic growth has proven to be a continuous learning process, in that, while some studies base their findings on macroeconomic factors such as economic policies, others have recommended the use of human well being factors such as infant mortality, literacy, life expectancy and employment level ( Burnside and Dollar 1997; Fayissa and El-Kaissy 1999). While the results of Durbarry et al (1998) supports the results of Burnside and Dollar (1997) which shows foreign aid to have a positive impact on growth where there is a good macroeconomic policy environment, but with some exceptions which were based on income level, levels of aid allocation and geographical location. According to him, aid has been tested econometrically based on a macro and micro level, the results of some these tests by some researchers show that aid works at the micro level while at the macro level the results as ambiguous ( Durbarry et al, 1998). So far, most research have dwelt on macroeconomic factors as well as physical factors which in their opinions either shows that growth is fostered positively by aid or negatively by aid. One interesting contribution to the subject matter in question is the contribution by Douglas C. Dacy, which looked at foreign aid and economic growth from a totally different point of view, his paper aimed showing the possibility of an aid receiving country having its post-aid growth rate to be lower than it would have been in a situation of not receiving aid under certain conditions. According to Dacy (1975), his paper viewed the subject of foreign aid and economic growth with respect to consumption on the side of the government as well as domestic savings. Contrary to other researches, Dacy in his paper viewed foreign aid as a substitute for domestic savings, saying that there would not be an increase in total savings by the full amount of foreign savings. Thus, LDCs will increase consumption as well as investment if foreign aid is made available. Papanek (1973) in his paper, studied the relationship between aid, savings, foreign investment and growth in thirty-four LDCs for the 1950s and fifty-one LDCs for the 1960s, applying cross-country regression analysis. Treating each of these components as separate explanatory variables, he found out that over a third of GDP growth is explained b y domestic savings and foreign inflows. Also the effect foreign aid has relative to other variables is considerably higher, his results also suggests no inverse relationship between aid and foreign private investment as well as showing a non-correlation between growth and factors such as; exports, education, country size or per capita income. Unlike Chenery and Strouts result which showed that Countrys size and per capita income has a positive relationship with growth, Papaneks result did not show such positive relationship as said earlier. This is because Papaneks work had savings as one of the independent variables and this was seen to be si gnificantly correlated with per capita income. Concluding his paper, Papanek (1973), suggests from his results that foreign aid is distributed disproportionately to LDCs experiencing low savings rates as well as severe balance of payments problems. And that this disproportionate aid has a more positive effect on growth than domestic savings and other sources of foreign inflows. Chenery and Strouts results are criticised by Papanek as not being very stable and also in his results, foreign source of inflows are not disaggregated compared to the results of Papanek. Papanek (1973) and Burnside Dollar (2000) share similar opinions on the allocation of foreign aid to low income countries. As Papanek is of the view that foreign aid is disproportionately distributed to low income countries who are experiencing low savings rate. While Burnside and Dollar is of the view that though this is allocated to low income countries, it is also influenced by population, i.e. aid donors tend to allocate more aid to smaller countries in size within the Low Income Countries, and also there are variables that reflect their own strategies. Generally speaking, from researches done so far, it is evident that foreign aid has a positive relationship (or impact) on economic growth in LDCs. But this could show a different result when the countries are sampled individually, such that, though aid may be positively related to economic growth based on some macroeconomic factors, it may also a negative relationship influenced by some other factors. According to Levy (1988), his paper aimed at showing some level of quantitative evidence on the impact of foreign aid on economic growth. This he showed using a sample of 22 Low Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of a few African countries which to him had their level of development similar to that of middle income countries. Using time series data for his analysis, Levy found two important things; which is a positively significant relationship between aid, investment and economic growth in Africa. The second important finding is that there is a significant contribution by fixed capital formation to the rate of economic growth. Although the exclusion of some African countries which he classified as similar to middle income countries from his analysis seems questionable, Levys contribution to the subject matter is very significant. According to Burnside and Dollar (1997), most researches such as that of Levy (1988) and a few others who made an attempt to measure the impact of aid on domestic savings, investment and growth in developing countries, have had results which faced several econometric difficulties. Taking another close look at the work of Dacy (1975) which questioned the desirability of aid, according to him, even if aid is used in a way that contributes to a decline in the long term growth rate, it will almost always be true that the capital stock income and consumption will be higher at the end of the period of aid, and for a number of years afterward, than it would have been without aid. To this end he agrees with Papanek (1973) view which argues that the inverse relationship shown in most statistical research between domestic savings and foreign aid might be greatly misleading. This view is due to Papaneks objections from his observations from previous studies, thus, Papaneks results which show that there is a positive relationship between aid and economic growth as well as aid having an inverse relationship with domestic savings is largely accepted by Dacy. Durbarry et al (1998) in their paper made reference to the work of Hadjimicheal et al (1995) as being a more advanced piece of research compared to most of the researches before it. This is because of their effort to show the potential secondary effect of foreign aid such as the Dutch Disease as well as other policy related variables that are speculated to have an effect on growth. Ekanayake and chatrna (2010) in their paper, criticised the work of Karras (2006) which concluded that there is a positive statistically significant and permanent impact of foreign aid on economic growth. In which they gave a statistical analysis by per person result as well as the growth rate of real GDP per capita, but in all this, they did not take into consideration the effect of policies. According to the research carried out by Ekanayake and Chatrna (2010), their results showed mixed effects of foreign aid on economic growth in LDCs, their research was carried out using annual data on a group of 85 developing countries cutting across continents. The models that were specified in their work were estimated using panel least squares estimation method. Malik (2008) described the poverty of people in the poorest African Countries to be on the increase despite the many years of development assistance. According to him, there has remained a stagnant or declining real per capita income since the 1960s, thus the disturbing question is why could these countries not break the poverty trap despite receiving large inflows of foreign aid?. This question he sought to answer using the co-integration analysis for six poorest African Countries, the results from this analysis showed the existence of a long run relationship between real GDP, aid and investment as a percentage of GP and trade openness. But showing the effect of foreign aid on growth, the result indicated a long run negative relationship for most of these countries. Easterly (2003) went ahead in his paper to discuss the historical research on the relationship between foreign aid and Economic growth. This he did, citing the work of Burnside and Dollar as being an early research that was widely accepted by the World Bank and economies of the world, and thus, created the platform for further research. According to Easterly (2003), data availability was one of the main limitations to having a conclusive and reasonable literature on the subject matter i.e. foreign aid and economic growth in the 1960s and onwards, as well as the reasonable arguments on the specific factors and ways through which foreign aid can affect growth. In his paper, Easterly (2003) cited the paper by Boone (1996) as being noted for its aim to address the issues of reverse causality through the introduction of political factors that determine aid, and thus, using them as instruments in addressing these problems. He also discussed the paper by Burnside and Dollar (2000) as being well known for addressing the disbelief shown by Boone and also the lack of agreement from previous studies. In another paper by Papanek (1972) titled The Effect of Aid and other Resource Transfers on Savings and Growth in Less Developed Countries, he analysed the recent challenge to past assumptions with respect to aid, savings and growth, where he termed some past literatures as Revisionists. His concern is based on their argument that the contribution to economic growth by foreign aid is little or insignificant, in which a number of factors were taken into consideration to support this claim. He went further to expand their argument saying Aid may ease the lot of the recipient countrys citizens by permitting higher consumption which is considered desirable if the analysts humanitarian instincts outweigh his Calvinist conviction that people should struggle for their economic salvation, but does little for growth (Papanek, 1972). Amongst these, are other literatures done by several researchers in which different methods were implemented such as the Autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) model used by Gounder (2001), in which his results showed a positive relationship between foreign aid and economic growth in Fiji. There has been other literatures that have also tried to show this relationship in individual countries, some have found a positive relationship but a long- run negative relationship using the Co-integration and error correction analysis, while others found a co-integration between saving rate, real gross domestic product and aid therefore showing a long-run positive effects (Murty et al, 1994; Nyoni, 1998). Taking a closer look at the problem of causality which Boone tried to address, Dacy (1975) concurs that the issue of causality is a tough knot to tie. He also suggests that the debate on if foreign aid contributes largely to economic growth is one that cannot be fully decided, as there would be a need to take into consideration the response of individuals as well as groups. Such consideration includes checking if these individuals or groups behave in a certain way where there is an increase in aid compared to where there is no aid. From the above literatures and many more, it is obvious that the issue of foreign aid and its impact on economic growth is inconclusive and is also a continuous learning process. Depending on the different types of data and methodology used in previous studies, several results have been achieved; some depict positive and significant relationship while others indicate negative long-run relationships based on different factors. This paper in the next section would be using time series data and applying the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) as well as the co-integration method to see what impact foreign aid has on the economic growth of Nigeria. Section 3. Data and Methodology In testing for the impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of Nigeria, I am using annual time series data which has its period from 1960 2009 and which is gotten from World Bank World Development Indicators. Thus, the focus of this analysis is on Nigeria as a developing country and a recipient of aid from advanced countries which are known as donors. Due to the limited availability of data with respect to the proposed variables, the observations are 49 running from 1960-2009. The table below shows the variables that are included in this study as well as the source they were gotten from: Table 1: Variable Unit source Gross Domestic product Growth Rate World Bank Foreign Direct Investment Percentage of GDP World Bank Trade(Openness; exports plus imports as a percentage of GDP Percentage of GDP World Bank Population Growth Per Cent (%) World Bank Net ODA per capita Current US$ World Bank Most of my variables were gotten from the work of Ekanayake and Chatrna (2010), where he used things like investment as proxy for growth rate of capital stock and also population growth as proxy for labour force. This study also uses population growth as a proxy for labour force as well as including trade to represent openness which as shown in the table above is made up of exports plus imports as a percentage of GDP. Net ODA per capita is a proxy for aid alongside Foreign Direct Investment, as earlier said, this study would be adopting the use of Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) for its analysis. To ensure that the study is academically robust, I will also be employing the use of co-integration tests, to check the long run relationship between Foreign aid and Economic growth in Nigeria.

The Success of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Essay -- American History,

In the 1600’s, two colonies were establishing themselves on the east coast of North America. In 1607, a group of merchants, known as the Virginia Company, settled at Jamestown, Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay (Divine, 72); while Puritan leader John Winthrop, stationed himself and his followers at Massachusetts Bay in 1630. (Divine, 90) Although both settlements started off relatively the same, the greater success of one over the other has caused continuous debates between many, including the descendants of these early Americans. Some might argue that the Virginia Colony was more successful than the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of the Virginia colonists’ motivation and interest in profit (Divine, 76). However, when efforts for income proved futile, this and survival became the colony's only interests. Therefore, Massachusetts proved itself to be the stronger colony and the most successful, as a result of its community development and social advancement, its economic growth, and the positive influence the government had on the Massachusetts Colony. Instead of having scattered villages like the Virginia colony, the people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony organized communities that were small and built close together. These centers were built so that villagers were able to complete a wide range of duties such as cultivating land or fetching lumber from forests (Divine, 94). This system was especially efficient for finishing these important tasks and allowing time for other agendas that were important to the colonists. The setup of the town was not just efficient. Families were able to live close together which helped create a sense of community among the people. Taverns and meetinghouses were commonly built in town, giving the ... ...ve in Virginia did not mean immigrants were free from its rule. Upon departing England, those leaving would take an â€Å"oath of allegiance and supremacy† (Virginia Ship’s List). This meant that the people owed their loyalty to the monarch of England, not to Virginia itself. The colonists of Virginia could have been frustrated that their head official was chosen by a single person, a person who had no place within their community. In fact, Berkeley, the governor the monarch of England elected, â€Å"brought high taxes on the people, increased his power at the expense of local officials and created a monopoly on Indian trade† (Divine, 85). This abuse of power is possibly one of the causes of rebellions, specifically Bacon’s rebellion. This republic government leading the Virginia Colony was an increasingly stark contrast to the Massachusetts’ Colony’s democratic government.

Data Communications Essay

Differentiate between an analog and a digital electromagnetic signal. What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal. What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a sine wave. Define fundamental frequency. What is the relationship between a signal’s spectrum and its bandwidth. What is attenuation? Define channel capacity. What key factors affect channel capacity? Problems: Figure 1 shows the frequency domain function for a single square pulse. The signal pulse could represent a digital 1 in a communications system. Note that an infinite number of higher frequencies of decreasing magnitudes is needed to represent the single pulse. What implication does that have for a real digital transmission system? Suppose that a digitised TV picture is to be transmitted from a source that uses a matrix of 480 x 500 picture elements (pixels), where each pixel can take on one of 32 intensity values. Assume that 30 pictures are sent per second. (This digital source is is roughly equivalent to broadcast TV standards that have been adopted.) Find the source rate R (bps) Assume that the TV picture is to be transmitted over a channel with 4.5Mhz bandwidth and a 35dB signal-to -noise ratio. Find the capacity of the channel (bps). Discuss how the parameters given in part (a.) could be modified to allow transmission of colour TV signals without increasing the required value for R. What is the channel capacity for a teleprinter channel with a 300Hz bandwidth and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3dB, where the noise is white thermal noise? A digital signalling system is required to operate at 9600bps. If a signal element encodes a 4-bit word, what is the minimum required bandwidth of the channel? Repeat part (a .) for the case of 8-bit words. Given the narrow (usable) audio bandwidth of a telephone transmission facility, a nominal SNR of 56dB (400,000), and a certain level of distortion, What is the theoretical maximum channel capacity (kbps) of traditional telephone lines? What can we say about the actual maximum channel capacity? Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20Mpbs, the bandwidth of the channel is 3MHz. Assuming white thermal noise, what signal-to-noise ratio is required to achieve this capacity? If an amplifier has a 30dB voltage gain, what voltage ratio does the gain represent? An amplifier has an output of 20W. What is the output in dBW? Answers: Short Questions With guided media, the electromagnetic waves are guided along an enclosed physical path whereas unguided media provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but do not guide them. A continuous or analog signal is one in which the signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time while a discrete or digital signal is one in which the signal intensity maintains one of a finite number of constant levels for some period of time and then changes to another constant level. Amplitude, frequency, and phase are three important characteristics of a periodic signal. The relationship is ÃŽ »f = v, where ÃŽ » is the wavelength, f is the frequency, and v is the speed at which the signal is traveling. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency component in the Fourier representation of a periodic quantity. The spectrum of a signal is the frequencies it contains while the bandwidth of a signal is the width of the spectrum. Attenuation is the gradual weakening of a signal over dis tance. The rate at which data can be transmitted over a given communication path, or channel, under given conditions, is referred to as the channel capacity. Bandwidth, noise, and error rate.

Anne Sexton Essays - Witches, British Poetry, Free Essays

Anne Sexton Essays - Witches, British Poetry, Free Essays Anne Sexton ANNE SEXTON Her Kind This is a poem that is filled with imagery that the author uses to identify the reader with what I feel were personal stresses in her own life. In class we talked about Anne as an emotionally challenged women who couldnt cope with every day life. The Title of the poem suggests by saying Her that she is talking about someone else that she could relate to. However I think that instead she might have been talking about her self. Through out the poem she shows the Worlds view of the witch and then gives her own feelings on the subject such as I have been her kind and A woman like that is not a woman at all. All the stanzas have seven lines and all have the same last line. It seems that the stanzas slowly lead up to some kind of explanation to the way women are treated. Through out the poem the tone is a dreary one. We are taken through the story relating to the witch and agreeing with the fact that these obscene gestures by the witch, waving my nude arms at villages going by are some how warranted. It is obvious that that the symbolism and metaphor shows us a witch and I think also these metaphors relate to the author and how she feels she is labeled. In the first stanza we get a picture of classical views of what a witch symbolizes, and this then tells me how Anne must feel. She says braver at night/ over the plain houses light by light. I think this is saying that she is more comfortable at night, maybe in seclusion, and looks down on the average normal home light by light and sees that as been the norm and want nothing to do with it. I think she feels different than the rest and the fact that she uses dark and light might even say she might even feel evil. She even states she is out of mind which is what I think shes saying to show she is different and she feels that is how she is looked at and sarcastically says that she cant be the ideal woman. The second stanza seems different to me. It seems to be more symbolic of her own life. I see a witch, maybe herself obsess with the arranging of her so-called cave. I think this is symbolic of her home life and shows everyones image of an ugly witch in a cave doing ugly witch things. I think this is how she felt about the average housewife in that she says, A woman like that is misunderstood. I think she meant that the average housewife is fooling herself. Its like she took a pause right in the middle of the poem to let the reader know whom she was talking about. She was letting everybody know she couldnt stand the fact that she had to make a happy home just to get right with society. The third stanza I feel shows the anger she felt towards society. She defies her driver as if to through it in his face that she is a witch by throwing her naked arms. She relates her torment to a like medieval time when witches were burned at the stake and beaten just for who they were, and my ribs crack were your wheels wind. I think here she has made it through the torture and the ride home hurts do to her injuries. But never the less she made it and is not ashamed. I think she laughs at the women who deny their own impulses and feels that is what is truly ugly.

Rules for Sig. Digs Essays - Chemical Bonding, Valence Electron

Rules for Sig. Digs Essays - Chemical Bonding, Valence Electron Rules for Sig. Digs All digits from 1-9 are sig. Zeroes btwn the digs. 1-9 are sig. Leading 0s sig. If there is NO decimal pt, trailing 0s are sig. If there is a decimal pt, trailing 0s are sig. When + and round to lowest sig. dig. Period A row in the periodic table Group A column in the periodic table Valence Electrons Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom Nomenclature Ionic Compounds Write symbols for each element Write charge for element above its symbol Cross the numbers from the charges over to the other element to make a subscript Change the ending to -ide Latin Names Iron= Ferric/Ferrous Copper= Cupric/Cuprous Tin= Stannic/Stannous Gold= Auric/Aurous Mercury= Mercuric/Mercurous Lead= Plumbic/Plumbous Polyatomic Compounds *Recognize the groups of atoms that act as one ion* OH NICK the CAMEL had a CLAM for SUPPER in PHOENIX *exception Ammonium* Molecular Compounds Use prefixes Mono-1 Di-2 Tri-3 Tetra-4 Penta-5 Hexa-6 Hepta-7 Octa-8 Non-9 Deca-10 Element closest to the left goes first Scientific Notation Notation based on powers of 10 Sig. dig. X 10# of times decimal moved Exponent Examples 3 43 = 192 4x3 2x3 = 8x6 x5 x3 = x8 65/63 = 62 x4/x7 = x-3 = 1/x3 80 = 1 (y4)3 = y12 Matter Pure Substance A material that is composed of only one type of particle Mixture A material system made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically Element Primary constituents of matter Compounds Consists of two or more different atoms Homogenous A homogeneous mixture is any mixture that is uniform in composition throughout Heterogeneous A heterogeneous mixture is any mixture that is not uniform in composition Diagrams Lewis Dot Element symbol and valence electrons Bohr Rutherford In the nucleus (#of neutrons, #of protons) Electrons circling in shells Periodic Trends Atomic Radius The distance from the centre of the atom to the boundary within which electrons spend 90% of their time Trends in A.R within a Period The radius increases going from left to right Trends in A.R within a Group Size of radius increases going down a group Ionization Energy The amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron from the atom or ion in a gaseous state Electronegativity An indicator of the relative ability of an atom to attract shared electrons Trends in E.N E.N increases going up a group E.N increases going left to right across a period Highest E.N: Fluorine Lowest E.N: Francium Metal Reactivity Trend Moving left to right across a period reactivity increases Moving down a group reactivity decreases Metallic Properties Trend Tend to decrease across a period and increase down a group Atomic # The number of protons Atomic Mass The mass of an atomic particle Isotope An atom with different numbers of neutrons Ion An atom that has gained or lost an electron Trends in Electron Configuration Elements in the same group have the same # of valence electrons Across a period # of valence electrons increase Valence electrons in a period occupy the same energy level Down a group the energy of the valence shell electrons increases Covalent Bond Angle Summary IVVVIVII 4 bonds3 bonds2 bonds1 bond Ionic Bonds Between a metal and a non-metal High melting and boiling points Conductive when liquid Covalent Bonds Between 2 non-metals Low melting and boiling points Poor Conductivity Soft or brittle solid forms Noble Gases Group 18 elements Full octet Does not bond Stable, non- reactive Halogens Group 17 elements 7 valence electrons Reactive Non-metals Alkali Metals Elements in group 1 (except for hydrogen) 1 valence electron Very reactive Alkaline Earth Metals Elements in group 2 2 valence electrons Semi reactive Lanthanides Period 6 Rare earth elements Inner transition elements Actinides Period 7 Have no stable isotopes Radioactive Transition Metals Groups 3 through 11 Hard metals High melting points Complex electron configuration Non-metals Semi reactive Most common in the tissue of living organisms Metalloids Share properties of metals and non-metals Poor conductors Polarity The physical alignment of atoms Can be predicted using the electronegativity difference of the elements that are bonded Polar Covalent Unequal sharing Nonpolar Covalent Equal sharing Metallic Bonding Occurs between atoms with low electro negativities Close-packed lattice formation No electron belongs to one atom Metallic bonds are not ions, but nuclei with moving electrons Physical Properties of Metallic Bonds Conductive Lustrous Malleable The greater the amount of valence electrons the stronger the metallic bond VSEPR Theory V: Valence S: Shell E: Electron P: Pair R: Repulsion Because of negative charges, atoms orient themselves as far apart as possible Electron Affinity The energy absorbed or released when an electron is added to a neutral atom The Octet Rule When bonds form between atoms, the atoms gain, lose, or share, electrons in such a way that they create a filled outer shell containing eight electrons Single Bond A covalent bond that results from atoms sharing one pair of electrons Double Bond A covalent bond that results from atoms sharing two pairs of electrons Triple Bond A covalent bond that results from the atoms sharing three pairs of electrons Bonding Pair A pair of electrons that is shared by two atoms, thus forming a covalent bond Lone Pair A pair of electrons that is not part of a covalent bond Electronegativity Difference The difference between

Marketing Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example This paper is an individual reflection of a marketing report that was prepared by my group members and since it is an individual reflection, I will highlight what I acquired through the learning process and what I found out after research of my own abilities as well as that of marketing dynamics. Individually speaking, I am of the opinion that the challenge within the report was such that I had to seek alternatives as per its launch strategy. However I found out that the launch could have been done in a number of different ways but the best option was chosen for this report and hence we moved ahead with it. If I had another chance I would still choose the manner in which we moved ahead with this report because I believe this played the trick and brought in a number of positives for the report and indeed our understanding. It made us believe what we could learn and for my individual comprehension, I discerned that the manner in which marketing is done worldwide is something that I mus t ponder deep into, and thus give my very best day in and day out. Therefore I would not make any change if I am given another chance to implement my truest sense within the preparation of this marketing report (Copeland 2009). ...Same happened within this scenario as well where I worked my way through the tough times and gained upright knowledge and understanding regarding the Brakes Brothers which is a leading supplier of prepared and fresh food to caterers and restaurants around the United Kingdom. This experience helped me immensely at understanding how I need to shape up my work tasks and what I must do in order to learn and acquire new things which will bring me success at the end of the day (Kitchen 2004). As far as this success is concerned, I am of the view that the report on Brakes Brothers provided me a thorough understanding of how different forces shape up and what needs to be done in order to find out how the company operates within the whole of United Kingdom. This br ings in the much needed value for the end consumers. I would apply this knowledge within my future endeavours as it has helped me sustain the strengths and look after the weaknesses. As far as my work domains are related, I would surely apply the learned skills within my career aspirations and learn a number of new things which come directly under the aegis of marketing. The group work assisted me at comprehending how I need to move ahead with the changing times and thus learn new aspects of Brakes Brothers’ work routines and processes. Brakes Brothers is a very useful case study because it makes me understand how to gain an in-depth knowledge into the territories of growth within a business’ entirety and how the same can be translated across the board for the benefit of all and sundry – the stakeholders and customers in essence (Watkins 2005). I would make use of my knowledge that I have attained by pinpointing how

Columbia Ave. Riots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Columbia Ave. Riots - Essay Example It seemed to be the only avenue open to them due to so many discriminatory laws and practices despite the passage of many laws outlawing black discrimination in social, political, and economic spheres of life. In other words, discrimination was back then and even until now a very persistent problem that defied easy solutions. The race riots in Philadelphia were caused by some black activists who hijacked the sentiments or resentments of black people against a lack of equality and used these for their own ends. The city of Philadelphia in the mid-twentieth century had been divided into the white Philadelphia (southern portion) and the black Philadelphia (northern portion). This division is not only geographic but also economic and ethnic because the white southern Philadelphia in many ways was vastly superior to its northern part. White people in the southern portion had a better life in terms of economic opportunities, nicer neighborhoods with less crime, and had a more than fair share of good-paying jobs. This situation can be contrasted with its southern counterpart which had cheap government housing, more crimes, and less jobs to be had. Philadelphia has a great tradition in American history as it was the preferred city of the countrys Founding Fathers who often met in this city. The Declaration of Independence was made in Philadelphia in 1776 as well as the signing of the American Constitution in 1787. It is known as a place of religious and racial tolerance because it welcomes successive waves of immigrants from Europe such as the Dutch, then the English, and then much later, Swedes. They were soon followed in the next century by the Scots, the Irish, and German immigrants. The next century saw new arrivals from southern and eastern Europe such as the Greeks, the Poles, Italians, and Hungarians. Philadelphia became the second-largest city on the eastern seaboard after New York City and rivals it in terms of ethnical